Bulletin of Lviv National Environmental University. Series Architecture and Construction

INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES INCLUDING LIQUID SODIUM GLASS AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE STRENGTH OF ARBOLITE

R. Kozak — 2025-12-07

The study examines the influence of chemical additives including liquid sodium silicate and calcium chloride on the strength of arbolite. For the experiments, arbolite blocks measuring 100×100×100 mm were produced using crushed wood, Portland cement grade M400, water, and chemical additives – calcium chloride and liquid sodium silicate. The additives were introduced into the arbolite mixture in amounts of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 g, each separately and in a 1:1 mixture. The experimental blocks were demolded after 3 days of curing and tested for compressive strength after 7 and 14 days. The results showed a rapid increase in compressive strength with additive content ranging from 4 to 10 g, followed by a slowdown and stabilization. At 10 g of additives, the compressive strength of arbolite was: 1.49 MPa with liquid sodium silicate, 1.87 MPa with calcium chloride, and 2.37 MPa with a mixture of liquid sodium silicate and calcium chloride. However, the efficiency of the mixture is offset by its crystallization tendency, which complicates the preparation of the arbolite composition. An increase in liquid sodium silicate from 1.0 % to 3.0 % of cement mass improved compressive strength by 26.27 %, while further addition up to 4.2 % increased it by only 1.9 %. An increase in calcium chloride from 1.0 % to 3.0 % improved strength by 18.35 %, while further addition up to 4.2 % increased it by only 1.0 %. A mixture of both additives from 1.0 % to 3.0 % improved strength by 13.97 %, while additional increase up to 4.2 % resulted in only a 0.4 % gain. The curing period of 7–14 days positively affected compressive strength. With 10 g of additives, compressive strength increased from 1.29 to 1.49 MPa with liquid sodium silicate, from 1.67 to 1.87 MPa with calcium chloride, and from 2.18 to 2.37 MPa with the mixture of both additives.

STUDY OF THE MAIN STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUED LAMINATED STRUCTURAL BEAMS MADE FROM SOLID WOOD

I. Bukhanevych — 2025-12-07

The necessity and advantages of utilizing glued laminated timber in contemporary construction are supported by its superior technical and technological properties as a structural material. These include its natural environmental friendliness, adequate strength, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. A notable application is in glued laminated timber beams, which, due to the gluing technology, blend the inherent strength of wood with the benefits of engineered materials. These beams exhibit high rigidity at a low weight, ease of processing and disposal, and a commitment to environmental sustainability. The gluing process allows for the elimination of wood defects and enables the production of elements in various lengths and cross-sections, which ensures their extensive applicability. Glued structural beams made from solid wood are primarily manufactured on automated lines, where maintaining optimal temperature and humidity conditions is crucial for ensuring consistently high quality. Furthermore, precise sorting of the raw materials is essential.

To evaluate the strength and reliability of finger joints in glued structural beams from solid wood, comprehensive laboratory tests were conducted.

The results from these experimental studies indicate that for class C24, the strength values of the mortise and tenon joint range from 35.65 to 50.19 N/mm², with the corresponding modulus of elasticity falling between 9693 and 11339 kN/mm².

These experimental findings confirm the high strength and reliability of both glued beams and finger joints, positioning them as a promising structural material in modern construction that can effectively compete with other building materials. The results obtained are applicable for real production processes and for predicting the physical and mechanical characteristics of structures made from glued structural beams of solid wood.

RESULTS OF TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF A 120-METER-HIGH METEOROLOGICAL TRIANGULAR MAST

S. Burchenia — 2025-12-07

The article discusses the results of a technical inspection conducted on a 120-meter-high metal triangular mast to determine the causes of its failure. The mast is situated in an area with a seismicity rating of 7 on the seismicity scale, according to DBN V.1.1-12:2014 for Construction in Seismic Areas of Ukraine. The terrain is mountainous, and the site is located outside a settlement on Mount Plai, in an open area. The width in the axes of the belt elements varies with height. The mast is constructed from factory-made elements with heights of 2.4 meters, 2.0 meters, and 1.5 meters, using flange connections, and is anchored by guy wires at 10 different levels. The structural system is a vertically oriented continuous spatial metal truss. The cross-section of the mast forms an equilateral triangle. Vertical belt elements consist of steel pipes with diameters of 60 mm and 48 mm, while the lattice is made of solid metal rods with diameters of 20 mm, 18 mm, and 16 mm. The stays are steel cables with a diameter of 10 mm. The spatial rigidity of the structure is achieved through the combined action of the truss body and the stays.

During the technical inspection of the mast, a field survey methodology was employed to evaluate the load-bearing capacity of the structures.

The inspection included several steps: familiarization with and study of the technical documentation related to the inspection object; preliminary inspection to assess the general condition of the structure and identify sections with visible defects; detailed visual inspection of visible defects, including damage to individual elements, deformations, cracks in components and joints, and any destruction; instrumental inspection utilizing specialized equipment and non-destructive testing methods, along with devices for linear measurements. Throughout the inspection, all elements of the mast were thoroughly examined, and conclusions regarding its failure were drawn based on these observations.

CONCRETES WITH BIOCHAROL FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

O. Mazurak — 2025-12-07

Biochar (BC) additives in concrete have a high potential for use, both due to their environmental friendliness and their improved properties. The review highlights the aspects of using various biochar additives in concrete, characterizes biochar production methods and the influence of multiple factors on the quality of biochar materials. The physicochemical properties of bioconcretes, their composition, properties and problems associated with traditional production methods are presented. The advantages of biochar in concrete include the ability to be potential carbon absorbers and a binder substitute, as well as improving strength indicators, operational characteristics (durability, thermal insulation properties, fire resistance and frost resistance). This scientific work considers the process of forming concrete, focusing on the processes of forming a concrete matrix with biochar. The study analyzes the methodology for introducing biochar into the concrete matrix, criteria for selecting raw materials, component mixing protocols and procedures for controlling the quality characteristics of the final product. The processes of hydration and structure formation of cement stone with a biocomponent are considered. Examples of research on concrete compositions with a biochar component, their hardening conditions and construction and technical properties of the resulting bioconcretes are given. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of environmental aspects of the use of "green concretes" with biochar based on biowaste of plant origin, including their environmental profile, economic feasibility, life cycle analysis, as well as the real potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The review also covers existing problems, predicted development directions and potential areas for future research in the context of biochar concrete components. The SCS bioconcrete certification system, according to the European standard EWC, is given. The presented comprehensive analysis provides a detailed understanding of the properties, production technology and environmental significance of biochar cement composites and concrete systems, serving as a guideline for further progress in the field of ecological materials science, construction and the development of the circular economy.

OPERATION OF DRILLED MICROPILES WITH ENLARGED BASE

O. Hnatiuk — 2025-12-07

Significant discrepancies have been identified in studies of drilled piles with enlargements, particularly regarding the differences between calculated and experimental values of bearing capacity. This indicates an opportunity to enhance existing methodologies. Ukrainian researchers have made notable contributions to this field by examining the impact of the number and arrangement of enlargements, as well as various soil types, on pile performance. They have developed new methods for calculating bearing capacity, refined calculation coefficients, and validated their reliability through field tests.

Considerable focus has also been directed towards concrete-filled steel tube micropiles, which demonstrate superior performance in weak soil conditions and provide advantages such as ease of use and minimal disruption to existing structures. Piles with an enlarged base exhibit higher bearing capacity and reduced settlement compared to friction piles. Numerical modeling utilizing PLAXIS 3D and ANSYS WORKBENCH has confirmed the effectiveness of these structures and enabled accurate simulations of their behavior. It was determined that the depth, number, and diameter of enlargements significantly influence strength and deformation characteristics.

Technical and economic assessments have shown that the use of drilled micropiles with enlargements is feasible in densely built-up areas, leading to reductions in demolition and earthwork costs. Overall, this research underscores the importance of further enhancing calculation models and adopting innovative structural solutions in pile foundations.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON BEAM STRUCTURES WITH HYBRID REINFORCEMENT

N. Yurochko — 2025-12-07

This article presents an extended analysis of recent research on beam structures with hybrid reinforcement that combines different types of reinforcement materials such as steel bars, composite rods (GFRP, BFRP, CFRP), fiber, and prestressed elements. The review includes both experimental and numerical studies that investigate the effects of various reinforcement combinations on the fundamental characteristics of beams: load-bearing capacity, crack resistance, ductility, and overall performance. Several examples of hybrid reinforcement applications are provided, including combinations with advanced types of concrete such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPFRC), geopolymer concrete, and fiber-reinforced concrete. Particular attention is given to research where the combination of GFRP with steel and fiber provided an optimal balance of stiffness, corrosion resistance, and cost-effectiveness. It has been found that the addition of fiber – especially steel, polymer, or natural fibers (jute, polypropylene) – has a positive influence on the post-cracking behavior of beams. The article also analyzes structural features of anchorage systems used in hybrid reinforcement schemes. It is shown that the use of prestressed composite reinforcement in combination with traditional steel reinforcement allows a reduction in structural weight while maintaining strength characteristics. Based on the comparative analysis of numerous studies, the article identifies effective hybrid reinforcement schemes that may be recommended for practical implementation in infrastructure construction, including the production of beams for bridges, floors, and other critical structural elements. The need for further development of regulatory frameworks for the adoption of such reinforcement systems in engineering practice is emphasized, as well as the importance of further investigation into the influence of geometric, technological, and material parameters on the behavior of hybrid reinforced elements.

TECHNICAL INSPECTION AND STRENGTHENING OF A WIND POWER PLANT STRUCTURE

I. Rutkovska — 2025-12-07

The article examines current issues related to the technical inspection and strengthening of buildings and structures in the context of modern requirements for reliability, durability, and safety. Methodological approaches to assessing the technical condition of facilities are presented, including visual inspection, instrumental measurements, non-destructive testing, and the use of digital monitoring technologies. The main factors contributing to the reduction of structural performance are analyzed, particularly material aging, environmental impact, dynamic and man-made loads, as well as construction technology violations. The article presents the results of a technical inspection of the foundation of a wind energy installation located within the Skybova zone of the Beskyd part of the Carpathians. The geological, climatic, and structural characteristics of the site and the structure are described.

The aim of the research is to determine the current technical condition of the load-bearing elements, identify structural defects, and develop effective methods for strengthening the concrete foundation.

The inspection was carried out in several stages using visual, instrumental, and laboratory testing methods. Local voids and zones of reduced concrete density were identified, which decrease the load-bearing capacity of the foundation. To eliminate these defects, a strengthening technology using SikaGrout®-3350 - a one-component, non-shrink, high-strength cementitious grout - was proposed.

The article details the sequence of repair operations, material preparation and injection procedures, and quality control requirements. The proposed solution restores the monolithic integrity of the concrete foundation, improves its reliability, and extends its service life without dismantling the structure.

The obtained results can be applied to similar renewable energy projects, especially in seismically active and geotechnically complex mountain regions of Ukraine.

ROLE OF DIGITAL TOOLS IN IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAND MANAGEMENT BY TERRITORIAL СOMMUNITIES

M. Smoliarchuk — 2025-12-07

The article examines the evolution of land lease relations in Ukraine, focusing on procedural aspects and the mechanisms of digital transformation that have been implemented with state support. It highlights the features of information support provided by the electronic system Prozorro. Sale, noting its positive impact on establishing objective sale prices, enhancing the investment attractiveness of the land market, and increasing revenues for the local budgets of territorial communities. The study presents analytical data on the sale of municipal land lease rights in Lviv region and analyzes the process of obtaining digital data on land plots from the State Land Cadastre and the registry of real property rights, including any encumbrances. Key trends, challenges, and future prospects for implementing digital technologies are identified. The role of the electronic system Trembita in the development of land relations, particularly concerning the circulation of land lease rights, is emphasized. The article underscores the importance of integrating this system into land lease practices, as it offers numerous benefits, including: reducing document processing times; minimizing administrative barriers by decreasing personal interactions among lessees, lessors, and officials; improving data reliability; optimizing the functions of local self-government bodies by providing rapid access to information about land plots, owners, or lessees within territorial communities; and facilitating integration with electronic auction systems (Prozorro. Sale), thereby ensuring greater transparency and efficiency in land transactions.

The integration of open electronic platforms with state registries is shown to create a unified digital environment for managing land resources within territorial communities. The study argues that the digitalization of land lease relations boosts investment activity, enhances managerial decision-making, and fosters trust among participants in the land market. Finally, the paper proposes directions for further development of digital infrastructure, particularly through deeper interoperability of cadastral data with the Trembita system and the expansion of analytical services for local communities.

IMPROVING LAND MANAGEMENT OF RECLAIMED LANDS

O. Mykula — 2025-12-07

An analysis was conducted on the changes in regulatory and methodological support for land management in Ukraine. The key updates pertain to the types of land management documentation as specified by the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management." Notably, this law has removed national and regional programs for land use and protection, as well as certain land management projects, and introduced new regulations regarding land tenure and land use.

The study identified shortcomings in the project development system at national, regional, and local levels, particularly in relation to the actual state of reclaimed lands and the potential for expanding these areas. It also highlighted issues with urban planning documentation - such as comprehensive plans for territorial community development, master plans for settlements, and detailed territorial plans - which fail to account for the irrigation and drainage strategies approved by the Government of Ukraine and the broader development plan for the irrigation complex.

To improve this situation, it is recommended that state-level territorial planning documents incorporate the General Scheme of Planning for the Territory of Ukraine as well as planning schemes for individual regions, districts, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. There is also a call to reinstate the development of national and regional programs for land use and protection. These documents should address the development of hydrotechnical, cultural, agrotechnical, chemical, and agroforestry land reclamation efforts. They must identify specific areas that require targeted land reclamation measures and outline the necessary steps for developing working land management projects as part of the comprehensive plans for spatial development of territorial communities. The primary focus should shift away from merely engineering protections of territories and instead prioritize measures to preserve and enhance soil fertility through various types of land reclamation. This comprehensive approach will help address the challenges of organizing land use and protection effectively.

LAND CONSOLIDATION AS A LAND MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR PRESERVING NATURAL LANDSCAPES

N. Stoiko — 2025-12-07

In Ukraine, a significant environmental challenge is the considerable loss of biological and landscape diversity, driven by intense anthropogenic pressure and military activities. To promote the conservation of habitats and landscapes within the framework of sustainable development, several regulatory and legal measures have been enacted aimed at expanding areas of land covered by natural vegetation. Effective land management plays a crucial role in this context, as it facilitates the implementation of strategies designed to preserve natural landscapes, protect land from degradation, and mitigate other adverse phenomena. One effective tool for implementing such strategies is land consolidation, which involves restructuring land ownership and plots to optimize land use and support the ecological sustainability of various areas. This article explores the connection between land consolidation and the design of ecological network territories on privately owned agricultural land exhibiting signs of degradation or low productivity. Using the Rozvadiv territorial community in Lviv region as a case study, two scenarios for designing ecological (Emerald) network territories have been proposed, using majority-based land consolidation and mandatory land consolidation. This dual approach allows for both voluntary and mandatory land exchanges. However, these consolidation forms necessitate reliable government institutions and an appropriate legal framework to ensure the protection of the rights of landowners and users involved in the land redistribution process. A key requirement for mandatory land consolidation is the availability of reserve land (land bank). Moreover, land consolidation must involve consultations with all stakeholders. The authors emphasize that incorporating natural land conservation and restoration practices into the land consolidation process is vital for achieving sustainable land management and ensuring the long-term preservation of ecosystems.

PROCEDURE FOR THE FORMATION OF A LAND PLOT FOR A HOUSING COOPERATIVE AND ITS REGISTRATION IN THE STATE LAND CADASTRE

N. Shpik — 2025-12-07

The regulatory and legal framework for the process of forming land plots within settlements has been reviewed. According to Article 38 of the Land Code of Ukraine, residential and public development lands include plots used for residential development, public buildings and structures, and other communal facilities.

This category of land must be used in accordance with the general plan of the settlement, other urban planning documentation, and the land management plan, while also complying with building regulations.

The definition of a housing cooperative (HC) and the adjacent territory (AT), along with the conditions for their establishment, is outlined in accordance with the Land Code of Ukraine. The step-by-step process for creating an association of co-owners of a multi-apartment building is described in detail, with a particular emphasis on the mandatory registration of the HC as a legal entity.

Establishing land ownership rights for housing cooperatives is crucial, as it ensures that third parties cannot use the land plot, allows for better control over land use, and protects against unauthorized constructions, land leasing, and illegal parking.

The procedure for preparing the necessary documents for obtaining permission for housing cooperatives to allocate land plots is described. An example is given using the housing cooperative “Chumatska 14” in Lviv, detailing the process of registering this plot in the State Land Cadastre database and the procedure for submitting land management documentation for approval.

The long-standing practice of registering land plots adjacent to apartment buildings for housing cooperatives has been analyzed, revealing that there are currently no reliable guarantees or mechanisms in place to prevent corruption within the land sector. Thus, the only way to ensure the security of the territory surrounding a building is to remove it from the control of officials, although this approach does not provide complete certainty or reliability.

PLANNING AND ORGANIZING LAND USE OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES (CASE OF KOMARNO TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY)

H. Dudych — 2025-12-07

The features of spatial planning for territories are discussed as a complex process aimed at the efficient use of land resources, ensuring environmental sustainability, and promoting sustainable development within communities. The author analyzes the legislative aspects of land use planning, particularly focusing on the requirements outlined in the Law of Ukraine titled “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Land Use Planning.” This law mandates the creation of a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of community territories. The natural resource potential of the Komarno territorial community in Lviv region is examined, along with an assessment of its land resources, level of development, and environmental sustainability. It has been established that a significant portion of the community, specifically 74.2%, is classified as agricultural land, with 42.5% of this land being plowed. Additionally, forestry land accounts for 15.1% of the total area. The main environmental issues facing the community include river channel siltation, flooding, and outdated reclamation systems that require reconstruction. The coefficient of ecological sustainability for the territory (Kec.s = 0.46) indicates an unstable ecological state, while the coefficient of anthropogenic load (Ka.l = 3.4) reflects a moderate level of impact from economic activities. The author proposes a series of measures to enhance the effectiveness of spatial planning within the community, including: conducting an inventory and certification of land resources; improving the engineering layout of the territory, specifically by reconstructing land reclamation systems; updating the master plans for settlements; creating opportunities to attract investors through the auction sale of commercial land plots; and increasing the area of natural lands to bolster the environmental sustainability of the community. Furthermore, the author advocates for a transition to innovative land use models and the adoption of an agro-landscape approach to land management. It is emphasized that developing a comprehensive plan for spatial development will foster economic growth, enhance investment attractiveness, and contribute to the environmental sustainability of the community.

TRAINING PRACTICE AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR FUTURE LAND MANAGEMENT ENGINEERS

H. Nesterenko — 2025-12-07

The organization of training practice is crucial for the professional development of specialists in geodesy and land management. Effective training necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its importance, as well as the careful selection of appropriate forms, content, and methods at each stage of the educational process. Only by integrating training into the overall framework of professional education, while considering its key structural components, we can ensure the development of essential professional competencies.

The relevance of high-quality training for future specialists in geodesy and land management underpins the choice of this topic. This article aims to elucidate the unique aspects of organizing training practice for future specialists in geodesy and land management, with a focus on a practice-oriented approach.

Practical training for students is a mandatory and vital component of the educational and professional program for specialists in geodesy and land management. This training enhances and reinforces the professional knowledge, skills, and competencies acquired in the university classroom. The primary objective of practical training is to empower students to master both theoretical and practical knowledge, familiarize themselves with the latest technologies, and develop professional competencies for independent decision-making. Additionally, it helps them continuously update their knowledge and adapt psychologically to real-world workplace conditions.

The qualification of a young specialist is evaluated based on their ability to apply their acquired knowledge and skills to tackle production-related problems that involve planning and managing production processes.

Practical training occurs during practical and laboratory classes in professional disciplines as well as through internships at geodesy and land management companies. The article describes the main stages of practical training, namely the introductory, educational and technological, and the production and professional stage.

The criteria for readiness for professional activity encompass several key aspects, including professional awareness, adaptability in various production scenarios, practical action expediency, development of organizational abilities, communication skills, etc.

SPATIAL PLANNING AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: CURRENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES DURING WARTIME

O. Kostyshyn — 2025-12-07

The legislative framework governing spatial planning in Ukraine, like the broader regulatory and legal structure, has been evolving in recent years to align more closely with European standards. However, this progress is significantly hindered by the military aggression from the russian federation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in financing spatial planning initiatives at the local level, particularly within territorial communities. An analysis of FDI to and from Ukraine, along with the FDI balance over the past decade, reveals fluctuations in these metrics from year to year. Notably, there has been an increase in the investment attractiveness index and in the number of companies willing to invest in Ukraine, indicating continued optimism and potential for development despite the ongoing conflict.

Furthermore, a study of the ten-year quarterly distribution of FDI inflows provides insights into trends, allowing for assessments based on the average quarterly values and the identification of possible future FDI inflow expectations.

Given that Chernivtsi region attracts a minimal share of FDI - just 0.1% - despite representing 1.3% of the country’s territory, it is evident that this area has experienced a significant decline in investment, primarily due to the capital outflow of domestic investors registered in offshore companies. To address this issue, it is recommended that the investor base in Chernivtsi region be diversified, and local authorities be empowered to enhance their investment attraction capabilities.

Moreover, the implementation of strategic goals within the territorial community is demonstrated through the development of urban planning documentation. For instance, a Detailed Plan has been created for the establishment of an agricultural enterprise within the Kadubivtsi territorial community, situated outside Khreshchatyk village, one of the 417 settlements in Chernivtsi region.

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND DEVELOPMENT

H. Sharyi — 2025-12-07

The work examines the significance of economic doctrines and theories in shaping the field of environmental economics. It considers scientific approaches to the utilization of natural resource potential by the economy, along with the contributions of economic theories to the development of agricultural land.

The current state of geopolitical economic opportunism in numerous countries adversely affects the consumption of natural resources, leading to a deterioration of natural resource potential, particularly in terms of the natural fertility of agricultural land.

Such opportunistic exploitation of natural resources by the economy has detrimental consequences for the natural resource base, especially regarding agricultural land.

A structural and logical model for the functioning of environmental economic systems is proposed, with its components grouped into two categories. The first group encompasses natural resources - particularly agricultural land - and ecology, which includes environmental standards and norms. The second group consists of production methods such as organic agriculture, carbon farming, and green industry, as well as the efficiency of natural resource utilization. The components of the system are interconnected and interdependent.

The balance among the components of the environmental economic system is maintained through instruments of ecological equilibrium, which include environmental taxes, rental payments, sanctions, and economic incentives. The impact of these tools leads to greener production practices, the restoration of natural resources, improved soil fertility, and the establishment of ecological well-being, all stemming from the development of natural resource potential.

The effective operation of the environmental economic system is grounded in the ecological, economic, and socio-mental institutions of society.

States and societies should exert regulatory influence on economic actors to mitigate the negative effects of natural and economic entropy.

The paper underscores the crucial importance of economic incentives for achieving ecological neutrality, implementing eco-economic standards, and applying environmental taxes and sanctions, both on business entities and nations identified as ecological aggressors.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF URBAN LAND USE DEVELOPMENT

A. Voloshchak — 2025-12-07

The article is devoted to the theoretical foundations of urban land use development and the evolution of its scientific concepts in both global and domestic practice. The essence, content, and structural elements of urban land use are defined, and its role in ensuring sustainable urban development, improving the efficiency of land resource utilization, and forming a comfortable urban environment is revealed. The main scientific approaches to interpreting the concept of “urban land use” in Ukrainian and foreign academic literature are analyzed, including economic-geographical, socio-ecological, spatial-planning, and systemic approaches. Classical models of urban spatial organization – concentric zones, sectoral, and multiple nuclei – are examined as the foundation for analyzing the functional structure of urban territories. The economic theory of land rent, which formalized the relationship between land value, distance from the city center, and intensity of land use, as well as socio-urban and critical approaches that highlighted the influence of social and political factors on urban space formation, are explored. Modern research directions are represented by theories of agglomeration effects, models of complex urban systems, and the development of GIS- and agent-based approaches that enable the modeling of spatial transformation scenarios. Thus, the study presents the evolution of scientific views on urban territory development – from the concepts of rational land use to contemporary models of sustainable urban development that integrate ecological, socio-economic, and technological factors. Particular attention is paid to modern Ukrainian studies that combine geoinformation technologies, satellite monitoring, legal and ecological-economic modeling of land use. The introduction of the National Urban Cadastre is highlighted as a tool for digital territorial management and spatial data integration. The article substantiates the relevance of an integrated approach to the analysis of urban land use, combining economic, social, legal, and environmental aspects aimed at ensuring sustainable, polycentric, and climate-resilient development of Ukrainian cities.

ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING A LAND RECLAMATION PROJECT (CASE OF ZHYDACHIV PLANT MANAGEMENT OF BRICK FACTORIES LLC ON THE TERRITORY OF ZHYDACHIV TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY, STRYI DISTRICT, LVIV REGION)

A. Pyrih — 2025-12-07

With the establishment of territorial communities, all lands within their administrative boundaries (excluding those in state and private ownership) have been transferred to their management. Among these lands there are many plots that are unproductive, degraded, or ecologically disturbed, particularly those affected by long-term activities of mining enterprises and landfill sites, including spontaneous ones. The soils in these areas typically exhibit negative natural properties, low fertility, and unfavorable environmental conditions, which make their effective economic use for agricultural or construction purposes either extremely limited or entirely unviable. A notable example is the Western section of the Zhydachiv loam deposit, which is a clay quarry.

This scientific study presents a detailed assessment of the reclamation project for the Western section of the Zhydachiv loam deposit (No. 6639), dated July 28, 2022, located within the Zhydachiv Town Council, Stryi district, Lviv region. The research outlines the stages and strategies for reclaiming disturbed lands, characterizing the process for developing the deposit and draining the pit bottom and reclaimed areas. The study also determines the volume of overburden and the rates for the removal, movement, and storage of the fertile soil layer, soil-vegetation layer, and mineral stripping layer necessary for the reclamation of the quarry bottom. Furthermore, the technology utilized for reclaiming the land disturbed by mining operations has been identified.

Given the proximity of the land plot to the main waterway of the Zhydachiv territorial community - the Stryi River - it is recommended, after recultivation, to allocate this area for forestry and recreational purposes, such as health improvement, active outdoor recreation, and tourism.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN THE CREATION OF AN ECOLOGICAL NETWORK AND LAND MANAGEMENT

B. Styranivskyi — 2025-12-07

The article presents the concept of creating an ecological network as the most effective approach to preventing habitat fragmentation and minimizing the impact of human activity on the environment. It emphasizes the necessity of taking into account biodiversity needs, wild nature, and the vital ecological connections in the planning and management of land use. The ecological network concept entails identifying valuable natural areas and connecting them with ecological corridors, integrating the structural components of the ecological network into planning and project documentation for land management. The study highlights two key directions of land-use planning for the purposes of ecological network design: improving the existing state of natural ecosystems and their biodiversity through changes in land use; and creating a new spatial organization and related infrastructure, considering the needs of socioeconomic development and biodiversity protection. The process of creating the ecological network includes stages such as goal setting, planning, design, management, and monitoring, applying an interdisciplinary approach and public participation. Important tools for formulating the ecological network are strategic environmental assessment and the integration of measures into regional and local land-management documentation. This process involves identifying ecosystem resilience problems, a stakeholders’ participation procedure, and assessment of environmental impacts during the design and implementation of measures. The study underscores the importance of increasing attention to biodiversity in Ukraine, the need to develop effective mechanisms for implementing measures to create key and connecting territories to improve ecological connectivity. Further research will focus on addressing practical aspects of land management in the context of ecological network creation.

FROM CIVITAS SOLIS TO THE EXISTENTIAL CITY: PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIONIC ARCHITECTURE

R. Kiuntsli — 2025-12-07

This article examines bionic architecture as a profound philosophical reflection on spatial design in the age of urban expansion, environmental challenges, and technological acceleration. Building upon the utopian visions of the “City of the Sun,” the authors trace the intellectual shift towards the “existential city” – an architectural paradigm where space is not merely functional but deeply resonant with the human inner world. Bionics is presented not only as an aesthetic or technological approach but as a holistic worldview that integrates cultural memory, ecological ethics, and archetypal symbolism.

The paper focuses on the capacity of bionic environments to adapt, breathe, and alleviate psychological stress. It analyzes both historical (A. Gaudí, R. Steiner, I. Makovecz) and contemporary architectural projects (The Eden Project, Eastgate Centre, Vincent Callebaut’s concepts) to reveal the philosophical power of bionics. The authors argue that the essence of bionic design lies not in mimicking nature, but in cultivating an ethical dialogue between humans and their environment.

Special attention is given to bionics as a language of architectural thinking, capable of expressing spiritual meanings within the built environment. In this regard, bionic design serves as a mediator between cultural heritage, technological innovation, and contemporary human needs. The article emphasizes how organic forms reduce anxiety, foster environmental awareness, and help reimagine space as a supportive and meaningful setting.

Ultimately, bionic architecture is shown to be more than a tool for sustainability or energy efficiency – it becomes a spatial philosophy that bridges nature, technology, and human consciousness. This article frames bionics as an architectural language of empathy, meaning, and ecological responsibility, relevant for the spiritual and material needs of the 21st century.

FENCING OF HOUSEHOLD PLOTS: FUNCTIONS, MATERIALS, AND DESIGN

I. Berezovetska — 2025-12-07

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of fencing as a key element in the architectural-planning and functional organization of a household plot. Fences are considered not only as a means of physical protection and territorial boundary delineation, but also as a structural component of the landscape environment, shaping the overall perception of space, ensuring privacy, and playing an important role in the visual identity of the site.

A typology of fences is provided based on materials (wood, metal, concrete, stone, combined structures, mesh, green hedges), structural characteristics, and functional purpose. Particular attention is paid to the compliance of fencing with regulatory and legal requirements, construction standards, and neighborly relations, especially regarding height, transparency, sanitary, and insolation restrictions.

Contemporary trends in the arrangement of household fences are analyzed, including the use of environmentally friendly materials, vertical landscaping, and integration with small architectural forms and other landscaping elements. The article describes the structural components of fences (foundations, posts, panel infill, gates, wickets), their placement, and engineering-aesthetic solutions that ensure durability and decorative appeal.

Based on the study, practical recommendations are formulated for selecting fence types considering functional needs, budget, architectural style of the house, climatic conditions, and specific features of land use. It is emphasized that competent fence design is essential for creating a comfortable, safe, and visually attractive living space.

CONTEXTUAL ARCHITECTURE: CONSIDERING CLIMATIC AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

L. Baranovych — 2025-12-07

When designing any structure or building, it is essential to consider the natural conditions of the site – climate, topography, and geological data.

This article explores the significance of natural and climatic factors in the design process of public buildings. The authors emphasize that effective architectural and planning solutions must account for the geographical, climatic, geological, hydrological, and topographical characteristics of the location. Key environmental factors influencing architectural response include solar insolation, temperature, wind, precipitation, and the site's microclimate.

Special attention is given to the orientation of buildings relative to cardinal directions, the influence of solar movement throughout the year, natural lighting of interior spaces, and spatial organization considering shadows. The article discusses types of natural and combined lighting as a basis for architectural form-shaping. It examines the role of temperature regimes and wind in the selection of architectural forms, ventilation systems, thermal insulation, and solutions for wind protection.

A separate section is devoted to adapting buildings to various climate zones – from cold to hot and humid regions. Architectural strategies that contribute to creating comfortable microclimatic conditions both inside the building and in adjacent areas are analyzed, including the use of planning forms, landscaping, and water elements.

Significant focus is placed on topography and terrain: methods for integrating buildings into complex landscapes, the interaction between architectural form and natural surroundings, and planning strategies for sloped sites. The article defines how climatic and natural conditions influence the overall structure, functional zoning, and aesthetic appearance of buildings.

Thus, the work substantiates the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of the natural context during the design process, enabling the creation of functional, energy-efficient, and environmentally harmonious architectural objects.

ART OF BOIKIVSHCHYNA: REVITALIZATION IN A MODERN CONTEXT

S. Pisio — 2025-12-07

The revitalization of Boikivshchyna art is not only about preserving its authenticity but also about integrating it into new cultural and social realities. This article explores the revitalization process of Boikivshchyna art as part of preserving and enhancing material cultural heritage amid modern architectural and artistic transformations. Revitalization is viewed as a cultural mechanism that not only preserves traditional forms and symbols of folk art but also infuses them with new content and functional meaning within a contemporary social context. The authors highlight the importance of establishing a stable connection between historically developed cultural traditions and new practices in spatial and artistic solutions.

The specifics of Boikivshchyna art, along with its rich figurative and semantic structure, are analyzed. The authors outline how local identity can be preserved and transformed through national motifs and by employing contemporary artistic and architectural approaches. By considering these aspects, not only is the aesthetic value of the space enhanced, but the development of the community is also supported, fostering a sense of belonging among its members. Moreover, art can emerge from a thorough analysis of the historical and cultural heritage of a specific location.

The article places particular emphasis on the role of local communities, independent artistic initiatives, and cultural institutions that help sustain and rethink cultural heritage. It is determined that through art - as a visual, communicative, and symbolic language - cultural continuity and a reevaluation of national identity are established in the context of globalization. The conclusion drawn is that revitalizing the art of Boikivshchyna paves the way for developing a distinct architectural and environmental design style that harmoniously blends tradition and innovation, especially in rural settlements.

DEVELOPING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO DETERMINE THE STRENGTH OF SPLICED LATHS MADE FROM POST-CONSUMER WOOD FOR ROOF STRUCTURES IN BUILDINGS

S. Haida — 2025-12-07

The article presents a study on the bending strength of finger-jointed laths made from reused wood (RW) for roof structural applications. The relevance of this research lies in promoting resource-efficient technologies and the principles of the circular economy in construction. The variability of mechanical properties in secondary timber creates challenges in predicting its strength performance. To quantify the influence of geometric parameters – lath width (B) and finger length (L) – on bending strength, experimental tests were performed, and a second-order two-factor regression model was developed. The model revealed a statistically significant effect of both factors and confirmed a synergistic interaction: the bending strength increases when both width and finger length grow simultaneously. The optimal parameters achieving maximum strength (79.83 MPa) are B=64 mm and L=24 mm. It was demonstrated that reused wood can be effectively transformed into full-length structural elements with strength exceeding 70 MPa, meeting the normative requirements for roof load-bearing members.

The practical significance of the study lies in enabling optimization of production parameters for finger-jointed elements, improving material utilization efficiency, and reducing production costs. The recommended parameter ranges – lath width 56–64 mm and finger length 18–24 mm – can be applied in manufacturing standards, technical specifications, and process charts for the woodworking industry. The results contribute to sustainable and resource-efficient timber construction, reducing environmental impact and establishing a foundation for further studies on the durability and long-term performance of reused-wood joints.

ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS OF ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

B. Hlova — 2025-12-07

The rapid development of monolithic frame construction necessitates improved methods for calculating structural elements. Special attention must be given to steel columns, as they are critical components whose reliability directly impacts the overall safety of a building.

During a fire, the primary destructive factor for building structures is high temperature and the associated spatial gradient, which leads to intense heating of materials. The nature of this thermal impact depends on several factors, including the temperature of combustion products and the conditions of heat exchange between the surface of the structure and the surrounding environment. To assess the load-bearing capacity and maintain structural integrity under fire conditions, it is essential to consider the thermally induced stress state caused by uneven heating. Thermal stresses can be analyzed separately from mechanical stresses since, within the framework of linear thermoelasticity, the total stress is the sum of these components.

This study explores the transient temperature field in steel-reinforced concrete columns, which evolves under conditions of sudden cooling. Second-kind boundary conditions were taken into account. By utilizing Laplace transformation, analytical expressions were developed to describe the temperature distribution within the column.

Based on the derived temperature fields, the stress-strain state of the column was determined. The results are presented in graphical format, illustrating the influence of the thermophysical and mechanical properties of steel on the distribution of thermal stresses across the column's thickness.

The findings indicate that radial stresses remain in compression throughout the column's thickness and decrease to zero at the outer surface. The maximum values of these stresses occur at the center of the column and increase over time. In contrast, axial and tangential stresses reach their peak values at the outer surface and act in tension. Consequently, cracks and other types of damage may develop on the external surface due to tensile deformations.